<?


define('PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE', 1);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH', 2);
define('PREG_FIND_FULLPATH', 4);
define('PREG_FIND_NEGATE', 8);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRONLY', 16);
define('PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC', 32);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDESC', 64);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS', 128);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME', 256);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED', 512);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE', 1024);  # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE', 2048); # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC

// PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE   - go into subdirectorys looking for more files
// PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH    - return directorys that match the pattern also
// PREG_FIND_DIRONLY     - return only directorys that match the pattern (no files)
// PREG_FIND_FULLPATH    - search for the pattern in the full path (dir+file)
// PREG_FIND_NEGATE      - return files that don't match the pattern
// PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC - Instead of just returning a plain array of matches,
//                         return an associative array with file stats
//
// You can also request to have the results sorted based on various criteria
// By default if any sorting is done, it will be sorted in ascending order.
// You can reverse this via use of:
// PREG_FIND_SORTDESC    - Reverse order of sort
// PREG_FILE_SORTKEYS    - Sort on the keyvalues or non-assoc array results
// The following sorts *require* PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC to be used as they are
// sorting on values stored in the constructed associative array
// PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME - Sort the results in alphabetical order on filename
// PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED - Sort the results in last modified timestamp order
// PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE  - Sort the results based on filesize
// PREG_FILE_SORTDISKUSAGE - Sort based on the amount of disk space taken
// to use more than one simply seperate them with a | character

// Search for files matching $pattern in $start_dir.
// if args contains PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE then do a recursive search
// return value is an associative array, the key of which is the path/file
// and the value is the stat of the file.
Function preg_find($pattern, $start_dir='.', $args=NULL) {

  static $depth = -1;
  ++$depth;

  $files_matched = array();

  $fh = opendir($start_dir);

  while (($file = readdir($fh)) !== false) {
    if (strcmp($file, '.')==0 || strcmp($file, '..')==0) continue;
    $filepath = $start_dir . '/' . $file;
    if (preg_match($pattern,
                   ($args & PREG_FIND_FULLPATH) ? $filepath : $file)) {
      $doadd =    is_file($filepath)
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH))
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY));
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY && $doadd && !is_dir($filepath)) $doadd = false;
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_NEGATE) $doadd = !$doadd;
      if ($doadd) {
        if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) { // return more than just the filenames
          $fileres = array();
          if (function_exists('stat')) {
            $fileres['stat'] = stat($filepath);
            $fileres['du'] = $fileres['stat']['blocks'] * 512;
          }
          if (function_exists('fileowner')) $fileres['uid'] = fileowner($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filegroup')) $fileres['gid'] = filegroup($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filetype')) $fileres['filetype'] = filetype($filepath);
          if (function_exists('mime_content_type')) $fileres['mimetype'] = mime_content_type($filepath);
          if (function_exists('dirname')) $fileres['dirname'] = dirname($filepath);
          if (function_exists('basename')) $fileres['basename'] = basename($filepath);
          if (isset($fileres['uid']) && function_exists('posix_getpwuid')) $fileres['owner'] = posix_getpwuid ($fileres['uid']);
          $files_matched[$filepath] = $fileres;
        } else
          array_push($files_matched, $filepath);
      }
    }
    if ( is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE) ) {
      $files_matched = array_merge($files_matched,
                                   preg_find($pattern, $filepath, $args));
    }
  }

  closedir($fh); 

  // Before returning check if we need to sort the results.
  if (($depth==0) && ($args & (PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS|PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME|PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED|PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE|PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE)) ) {
    $order = ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDESC) ? 1 : -1;
    $sortby = '';
    if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) {
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED)  $sortby = "['stat']['mtime']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME)  $sortby = "['basename']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE)  $sortby = "['stat']['size']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE) $sortby = "['du']";
    }
    $filesort = create_function('$a,$b', "\$a1=\$a$sortby;\$b1=\$b$sortby; if (\$a1==\$b1) return 0; else return (\$a1<\$b1) ? $order : 0- $order;");
    uasort($files_matched, $filesort);
  }
  --$depth;
  return $files_matched;
}
?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
| LightNEasy 2.0 Content Management System
| SQLite version
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
| Copyright 2007-2008 Fernando Baptista
| http://lightneasy.org
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
| Released under the terms & conditions of v2 of the
| GNU General Public License. For details refer to
| the included gpl.txt file or visit http://gnu.org
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<title>Beginners Dutch Grammar - indefinite words</title>
<meta http-equiv='Content-Type' content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
<meta http-equiv='Content-Language' content='en_US' />
<meta http-equiv='Content-Script-Type' content='text/javascript' />
<meta http-equiv='Content-Style-Type' content='text/css' />
<meta name='keywords' content='LightNEasy, CMS, light, easy to use, website builder, content management, php, sqlite, open source' />
<meta name='description' content='LightNEasy is a light and simple Content Management System and Website Builder' />
<meta name='author' content='Fernando Baptista' />
<meta name='Robots' content='index,follow' />
<meta http-equiv='imagetoolbar' content='no' /><!-- disable IE's image toolbar -->
<link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='templates/grammar.new/style.css' />
<link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='css/lightneasy.css' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Beginners Dutch Grammar Atom Feed" href="LightNEasy/rss.php" />
</head>
<body>
<div id="wrap">
		<div id="header">
     <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="head">
      <tr>
        <th id="logoPack">
        <img src="./templates/grammar.new/images/topBar3_new2.jpg" alt="UCL logo" width="800" height="75" title="UCL website opens in a new window" /></a>
        </th>
      </tr>
    </table>
    
		</div>
		<div id="menu">
			<ul>
<li><a href="index.php">Welcome</a></li>
<li><a class="selected" href="main_index.php">Main index</a></li>
<li><a href="glossary.php">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="exerc_index.php">Exercises</a></li>
<li><a href="grammar2.php">Advanced Grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="lagelands1.php">Lagelands </a></li>
</ul>
		</div>
		<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="main_table">
    <tr valign="top">
    
      <td id="leftNavbg">
        <div id="navcontainer">
		      <ul>
<li><a href="adjectives.php">adjectives</a></li>
<li><a href="auxiliaries.php">auxiliaries</a></li>
<li><a href="comparative_superlative.php">comparative and superlative</a></li>
<li><a href="conditional_clauses.php">conditional clauses</a></li>
<li><a href="conjunctions.php">conjunctions</a></li>
<li><a href="counterfactual.php">counterfactual</a></li>
<li><a href="declarative_sentences.php">declarative sentences</a></li>
<li><a href="demonstrative_pronoun.php">demonstrative pronouns</a></li>
<li><a href="diminutives.php">diminutives</a></li>
<li><a href="durative_aspect.php">durative aspect</a></li>
<li><a href="er.php">er</a></li>
<li><a href="future_aspect.php">future aspect</a></li>
<li><a href="imperative.php">imperative</a></li>
<li><a class="selected" href="indefinite_words.php">indefinite words</a></li>
<li><a href="adv_indef.php">> advanced grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="indirect_speech.php">indirect speech</a></li>
<li><a href="infinitive.php">om te + infinitive</a></li>
<li><a href="interrogative_sentences.php">interrogative sentences</a></li>
<li><a href="inversion.php">inversion</a></li>
<li><a href="modal_verbs.php">modal verbs</a></li>
<li><a href="hoeven_te.php">modal verbs: hoeven te</a></li>
<li><a href="zou.php">modal verbs: zou</a></li>
<li><a href="negation.php">negation</a></li>
<li><a href="particles.php">particles</a></li>
<li><a href="passive_voice.php">passive voice</a></li>
<li><a href="past_tense_imperfect.php">past tense (imperfect)</a></li>
<li><a href="perfect_tense.php">perfect tense</a></li>
<li><a href="personal_pronoun.php">personal pronouns</a></li>
<li><a href="phrasal_verbs.php">phrasal verbs</a></li>
<li><a href="pluperfect.php">pluperfect</a></li>
<li><a href="plural_of_nouns.php">plural of nouns</a></li>
<li><a href="position_verbs.php">position verbs</a></li>
<li><a href="possessive_pronoun.php">possessive pronouns</a></li>
<li><a href="present_tense.php">present tense</a></li>
<li><a href="pronominal_adverbs.php">pronominal adverbs</a></li>
<li><a href="proportion_clauses.php">proportion clauses</a></li>
<li><a href="question_words.php">question words</a></li>
<li><a href="reflexive_verbs.php">reflexive verbs</a></li>
<li><a href="relative_clauses.php">relative clauses</a></li>
<li><a href="relative_pronoun.php">relative pronouns</a></li>
<li><a href="sentence_structure.php">sentence structure</a></li>
<li><a href="separable_verbs.php">separable verbs</a></li>
<li><a href="spelling.php">spelling</a></li>
<li><a href="subordinate_clauses.php">subordinate clauses</a></li>
</ul>
          <div id="virtualDutch">
            <a href="http://www.dutch.ac.uk"> 
            <img src="./templates/grammar.new/images/logo_dutch.gif" alt="Virtual Dutch Home" title="Virtual Dutch website opens in a new window" width="70" height="85" />
            </a>
          </div>
        </div>
      </td>
      <td id="content">
        <h2><a name="top"></a><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: medium;">Indefinite words - <em>Onbepaalde woorden</em></span></h2>
<div class="highlight2lt">
<p><span style="font-size: small;"><strong><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span><dl> <dt style="text-indent: -18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><a href="#intro">Indefinite pronouns</a></span></dt><dt style="text-indent: -18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt"><br /></dt> <dt style="text-indent: -18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><a href="#num">Indefinite numerals </a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /> </span></dt></dl></span></span></span></strong></span></p>
</div>
<h2><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><a name="intro"></a><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Indefinite pronouns</span></span></h2>
<div class="highlight1lt"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Indefinite pronouns </span>refer to non-specific people or things. <em>Iemand, niemand, men, iets </em>and <em>niets</em> are some common examples. </span> <br /><br /> <dl class="style14"> <dt><span style="color: red;"><em>Iemand</em></span><em> moet de afwas doen!</em></dt> <dt>Someone has to do the washing-up. </dt> <dd> <br /></dd> <dt><em>Ik heb <span style="color: red;">niemand</span> gezien. <br /> </em>I haven't seen anyone.</dt> <dd> <br /></dd> <dt><em>In de eetkamer kan <span style="color: red;">men</span> het avondeten nuttigen. </em><br /> In the dining room one can take the evening meal.<br /> The evening meal can be taken in the dining room. </dt> </dl> <br />
<p class="MsoNormal style16 style21"><em>Men</em> is used in formal Dutch and is often translated as a passive in English. A construction with<em> men</em> also has a <a href="passive_voice.php">passive</a> pendant in Dutch (e.g. <em>In de eetkamer kan het avondeten genuttigd worden</em>.).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal style16 style21">Note that <em>men</em> is a singular entity and requires a single form of the verb.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal style16 style21"><em>Er is toch <span style="color: #ff0000;">iets</span> wat ik niet begrijp.</em><br /> There is something I don't understand, though.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="style14"><em>Hij weet <span style="color: #ff0000;">niets</span> van economie</em>.<br /> He knows nothing of economics. (i.e. He doesn't know anything about economics.).</span><span class="style21"></span></p>
<p class="style2"><a href="#top"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: xx-small;">Top of page</span></a></p>
</div>
<h2><a name="num"></a><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Indefinite numerals</span></h2>
<div class="highlight1lt"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Indefinite <a href="glossary_numeral.php">numerals</a> refer to a vague or unclear quantity of people or things. Some useful examples are<em> sommige, een paar, veel </em>en <em>weinig</em>.<br /> <br /><dl class="style14"> <dt><em><span style="color: red;">Sommige</span> studenten drinken geen alcohol. </em></dt> <dt>Some students don't drink alcohol.</dt><dt><br /></dt><dt><em>Alan heeft <span style="color: #ff0000;">een paar</span> CD's van Karin geleend.</em></dt><dt>Alan has borrowed a few CD's of Karin's.</dt><dt><br /></dt><dt>S<em>imone geeft <span style="color: #ff0000;">veel</span> geld uit aan cosmetica.</em></dt><dt><em></em>Simone spends a lot of money on cosmetics.</dt> </dl> <br />
<p class="MsoNormal style16 style21"><em>Ik heb <span style="color: #ff0000;">weinig</span> geld op mijn rekening.</em><br /> I have little money in my account.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal style16 style21">Note that <em>weinig</em> and <em>veel</em> do not behave like adjectives, i.e. they don't have an <em>-e</em> at the end.</p>
<p class="style2"><a href="#top"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: xx-small;">Top of page</span></a></p>
</span></div>
<div class="highlight4lt">
<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: #ffffff;"><span><a href="http://dutchcentre.group.shef.ac.uk/advanced.dutch.grammar/num_indef.php">Click here to read more about indefinite numerals in the <em>Advanced Dutch Grammar</em></a> <span style="color: #000000;">and </span><a href="http://dutchcentre.group.shef.ac.uk/advanced.dutch.grammar/indefinite_rponouns_reference_content_frame.php">here if you want to read more about indefinite pronouns</a>. </span></span></span></p>
</div>      </td>
		  
   </tr>
   </table>
		
	<div id="footer">
			<p>&nbsp;<a href="./">Home</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="indefinite_words.php?do=sitemap">Site Map</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="./LightNEasy.php?do=login">Login</a></p>
		</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>