<?


define('PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE', 1);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH', 2);
define('PREG_FIND_FULLPATH', 4);
define('PREG_FIND_NEGATE', 8);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRONLY', 16);
define('PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC', 32);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDESC', 64);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS', 128);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME', 256);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED', 512);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE', 1024);  # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE', 2048); # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC

// PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE   - go into subdirectorys looking for more files
// PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH    - return directorys that match the pattern also
// PREG_FIND_DIRONLY     - return only directorys that match the pattern (no files)
// PREG_FIND_FULLPATH    - search for the pattern in the full path (dir+file)
// PREG_FIND_NEGATE      - return files that don't match the pattern
// PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC - Instead of just returning a plain array of matches,
//                         return an associative array with file stats
//
// You can also request to have the results sorted based on various criteria
// By default if any sorting is done, it will be sorted in ascending order.
// You can reverse this via use of:
// PREG_FIND_SORTDESC    - Reverse order of sort
// PREG_FILE_SORTKEYS    - Sort on the keyvalues or non-assoc array results
// The following sorts *require* PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC to be used as they are
// sorting on values stored in the constructed associative array
// PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME - Sort the results in alphabetical order on filename
// PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED - Sort the results in last modified timestamp order
// PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE  - Sort the results based on filesize
// PREG_FILE_SORTDISKUSAGE - Sort based on the amount of disk space taken
// to use more than one simply seperate them with a | character

// Search for files matching $pattern in $start_dir.
// if args contains PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE then do a recursive search
// return value is an associative array, the key of which is the path/file
// and the value is the stat of the file.
Function preg_find($pattern, $start_dir='.', $args=NULL) {

  static $depth = -1;
  ++$depth;

  $files_matched = array();

  $fh = opendir($start_dir);

  while (($file = readdir($fh)) !== false) {
    if (strcmp($file, '.')==0 || strcmp($file, '..')==0) continue;
    $filepath = $start_dir . '/' . $file;
    if (preg_match($pattern,
                   ($args & PREG_FIND_FULLPATH) ? $filepath : $file)) {
      $doadd =    is_file($filepath)
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH))
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY));
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY && $doadd && !is_dir($filepath)) $doadd = false;
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_NEGATE) $doadd = !$doadd;
      if ($doadd) {
        if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) { // return more than just the filenames
          $fileres = array();
          if (function_exists('stat')) {
            $fileres['stat'] = stat($filepath);
            $fileres['du'] = $fileres['stat']['blocks'] * 512;
          }
          if (function_exists('fileowner')) $fileres['uid'] = fileowner($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filegroup')) $fileres['gid'] = filegroup($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filetype')) $fileres['filetype'] = filetype($filepath);
          if (function_exists('mime_content_type')) $fileres['mimetype'] = mime_content_type($filepath);
          if (function_exists('dirname')) $fileres['dirname'] = dirname($filepath);
          if (function_exists('basename')) $fileres['basename'] = basename($filepath);
          if (isset($fileres['uid']) && function_exists('posix_getpwuid')) $fileres['owner'] = posix_getpwuid ($fileres['uid']);
          $files_matched[$filepath] = $fileres;
        } else
          array_push($files_matched, $filepath);
      }
    }
    if ( is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE) ) {
      $files_matched = array_merge($files_matched,
                                   preg_find($pattern, $filepath, $args));
    }
  }

  closedir($fh); 

  // Before returning check if we need to sort the results.
  if (($depth==0) && ($args & (PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS|PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME|PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED|PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE|PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE)) ) {
    $order = ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDESC) ? 1 : -1;
    $sortby = '';
    if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) {
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED)  $sortby = "['stat']['mtime']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME)  $sortby = "['basename']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE)  $sortby = "['stat']['size']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE) $sortby = "['du']";
    }
    $filesort = create_function('$a,$b', "\$a1=\$a$sortby;\$b1=\$b$sortby; if (\$a1==\$b1) return 0; else return (\$a1<\$b1) ? $order : 0- $order;");
    uasort($files_matched, $filesort);
  }
  --$depth;
  return $files_matched;
}
?>
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<title>Beginners Dutch Grammar - regular and irregular</title>
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        <h2><a name="top"></a><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: medium;">Regular and irregular verbs - <em>Regelmatige en onregelmatige werkwoorden</em></span></h2>
<div class="highlight2lt"><a href="reg_irreg_ex.php"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Click here for self-correcting exercises on regular and irregular verbs</span></a>.</div>
<div class="highlight1lt"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Dutch verbs can be divided into regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs follow a certain pattern in the way they are conjugated, and <a href="glossary_irregular_and_strong_verbs.php">irregular verbs</a> do not follow a pattern at all. All <span style="color: blue;"><a href="modal_verbs.php">modal verbs</a></span> are irregular. The group of regular verbs is the largest, and this group can be divided further into <span style="color: red;">weak verbs</span> and <span style="color: red;">strong verbs</span>. </span>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal style41 style40"><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: red; font-size: small;">Weak verbs</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"> are the most regular type of verb. All the rules for forming the </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: blue; font-size: small;"><a href="present_tense.php">present</a></span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">, </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: blue; font-size: small;"><a href="perfect_tense.php">perfect</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> and </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: blue; font-size: small;"><a href="past_tense_imperfect.php">imperfect tenses</a></span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"> apply. Examples of weak verbs are<em> wonen, studeren, koken</em> and <em>bellen</em>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><span class="style36"><span style="color: red;">Strong verbs</span> are also regular, but their regularity works in quite a different way. Once you recognise the pattern, you have no need to learn every word individually, but until you do, that may be the best strategy. The patterns that occur in strong verbs have to do with vowel changes in the past tenses and/or with the ending of the <span style="color: blue;"><a href="perfect_tense.php#f">past participle</a></span>. Examples of strong verbs are <em>brengen</em>, <em>blijven</em>, <em>geven,</em> and<em> wassen.</em> </span></span><span class="style41"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: #ffffff;"><span><a href="http://dutchcentre.group.shef.ac.uk/advanced.dutch.grammar/verbs_according_to_conjugation.php">Click here to read more about regular and irregular verbs in the <em>Advanced Dutch Grammar</em>. </a></span></span></span></p>
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