<?


define('PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE', 1);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH', 2);
define('PREG_FIND_FULLPATH', 4);
define('PREG_FIND_NEGATE', 8);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRONLY', 16);
define('PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC', 32);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDESC', 64);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS', 128);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME', 256);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED', 512);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE', 1024);  # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE', 2048); # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC

// PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE   - go into subdirectorys looking for more files
// PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH    - return directorys that match the pattern also
// PREG_FIND_DIRONLY     - return only directorys that match the pattern (no files)
// PREG_FIND_FULLPATH    - search for the pattern in the full path (dir+file)
// PREG_FIND_NEGATE      - return files that don't match the pattern
// PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC - Instead of just returning a plain array of matches,
//                         return an associative array with file stats
//
// You can also request to have the results sorted based on various criteria
// By default if any sorting is done, it will be sorted in ascending order.
// You can reverse this via use of:
// PREG_FIND_SORTDESC    - Reverse order of sort
// PREG_FILE_SORTKEYS    - Sort on the keyvalues or non-assoc array results
// The following sorts *require* PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC to be used as they are
// sorting on values stored in the constructed associative array
// PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME - Sort the results in alphabetical order on filename
// PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED - Sort the results in last modified timestamp order
// PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE  - Sort the results based on filesize
// PREG_FILE_SORTDISKUSAGE - Sort based on the amount of disk space taken
// to use more than one simply seperate them with a | character

// Search for files matching $pattern in $start_dir.
// if args contains PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE then do a recursive search
// return value is an associative array, the key of which is the path/file
// and the value is the stat of the file.
Function preg_find($pattern, $start_dir='.', $args=NULL) {

  static $depth = -1;
  ++$depth;

  $files_matched = array();

  $fh = opendir($start_dir);

  while (($file = readdir($fh)) !== false) {
    if (strcmp($file, '.')==0 || strcmp($file, '..')==0) continue;
    $filepath = $start_dir . '/' . $file;
    if (preg_match($pattern,
                   ($args & PREG_FIND_FULLPATH) ? $filepath : $file)) {
      $doadd =    is_file($filepath)
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH))
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY));
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY && $doadd && !is_dir($filepath)) $doadd = false;
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_NEGATE) $doadd = !$doadd;
      if ($doadd) {
        if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) { // return more than just the filenames
          $fileres = array();
          if (function_exists('stat')) {
            $fileres['stat'] = stat($filepath);
            $fileres['du'] = $fileres['stat']['blocks'] * 512;
          }
          if (function_exists('fileowner')) $fileres['uid'] = fileowner($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filegroup')) $fileres['gid'] = filegroup($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filetype')) $fileres['filetype'] = filetype($filepath);
          if (function_exists('mime_content_type')) $fileres['mimetype'] = mime_content_type($filepath);
          if (function_exists('dirname')) $fileres['dirname'] = dirname($filepath);
          if (function_exists('basename')) $fileres['basename'] = basename($filepath);
          if (isset($fileres['uid']) && function_exists('posix_getpwuid')) $fileres['owner'] = posix_getpwuid ($fileres['uid']);
          $files_matched[$filepath] = $fileres;
        } else
          array_push($files_matched, $filepath);
      }
    }
    if ( is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE) ) {
      $files_matched = array_merge($files_matched,
                                   preg_find($pattern, $filepath, $args));
    }
  }

  closedir($fh); 

  // Before returning check if we need to sort the results.
  if (($depth==0) && ($args & (PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS|PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME|PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED|PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE|PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE)) ) {
    $order = ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDESC) ? 1 : -1;
    $sortby = '';
    if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) {
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED)  $sortby = "['stat']['mtime']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME)  $sortby = "['basename']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE)  $sortby = "['stat']['size']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE) $sortby = "['du']";
    }
    $filesort = create_function('$a,$b', "\$a1=\$a$sortby;\$b1=\$b$sortby; if (\$a1==\$b1) return 0; else return (\$a1<\$b1) ? $order : 0- $order;");
    uasort($files_matched, $filesort);
  }
  --$depth;
  return $files_matched;
}
?>
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<title>Beginners Dutch Grammar - transitive and intransitive</title>
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        <h2><a name="top"></a><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: medium;">Transitive and intransitive verbs - <em>Overgankelijke en onovergankelijke werkwoorden</em></span></h2>
<div class="highlight2lt"><a href="trans_intrans_ex.php"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Click here for self-correcting exercises on transitive and intransitive verbs</span></a>.</div>
<div class="highlight1lt"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Verbs can be divided into transitive or intransitive. <span style="color: red;">Transitive</span> verbs have a <a href="glossary_direct_object.php"><span style="color: blue;">direct object</span></a><strong>, </strong>whereas <span style="color: red;">intransitive</span> verbs do not. In the examples below, the direct object is red. </span>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="style36" width="31%"><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: #000080; font-size: small;">transitive<span style="mso-tab-count: 3"> </span></span></td>
<td class="style36" width="69%"><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: #000080; font-size: small;">intransitive</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style36" width="31%"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><em>Sara belt <span style="color: red;">haar vriend</span></em></span></td>
<td class="style36" width="69%"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><em>Het meisje huilt</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style36" width="31%"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Sara rings her boyfriend.</span></td>
<td class="style36" width="69%"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">The little girl is crying.</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText style36"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">It is possible for the same verb to be used both as a transitive and an intransitive verb, depending on the situation:</span></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="style36" width="31%"><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: #000080; font-size: small;">transitive <span style="mso-tab-count: 3"> </span></span></td>
<td class="style36" width="69%"><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: #000080; font-size: small;">intransitive</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style36" width="31%"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><em>Alan studeert <span style="color: red;">Nederlands</span></em></span></td>
<td class="style36" width="69%"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><em>Alan studeert hard</em>.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style36" width="31%"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Alan studies Dutch.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </span></span></td>
<td class="style36" width="69%"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Alan studies hard.</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="style36"><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: blue;"><a href="reflexive_verbs.php">Reflexive verbs</a></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> can be described as a very special kind of transitive verb in that they take an object that refers back to the subject: </span><em><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Mag ik </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: red;">mij</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> even voorstellen?</span> </em></span></span><span class="style40"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></span></p>
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<div class="highlight4lt">
<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; color: #ffffff;"><span><a href="http://dutchcentre.group.shef.ac.uk/advanced.dutch.grammar/verbs_according_to_meaning.php">Click here to read more about transitive and intransitive verbs in the <em>Advanced Dutch Grammar</em>. </a></span></span></span></p>
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